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Mobile Phone Safety While Driving 驾驶时的手机安全 - [扫盲打非]
2008-10-17
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http://leonchal.blogbus.com/logs/30331673.html
Introduction 介绍
There has been extensive research over recent years into the affect of mobile phone use on driving a car. While some groups dispute the findings, the volume of research showing the hazards of driving while using a phone is growing.
近年来，对在驾驶车辆时使用手机产生的影响进行了广泛的调查。当人们正在争论一些发现的时候，大量的研究显示：在驾驶时使用手机所产生的危害正在上升。
A recent a country study based on hospital attendance over a two-year period also showed an increased risk of crash and injury based on ‘real world’ data.
近来，在某一个国家一项基于两年内医院数据的研究显示：由于真实数据造成撞车和受伤的风险正在上升。Typical Research Results 典型的研究结果
Several scientific studies have shown that mobile phone use can cause:
一些科学研究显示，使用手机可以导致：
Four times the likelihood of an accident resulting in hospital admission
四起事故中有一起事故可能要去医院救治
Distraction regardless of hand-held or hands-free use
手提使用或免提使用时分散注意力
Slower reaction times
反应速度减慢
Greater deviations in lane position
大幅偏离车道
Increased accident rate
事故比率上升
Increased likelihood of missing traffic signals and signs
遗漏交通信号和标志的可能性上升
‘Inattention Blindness’ where objects are looked at but not actually ‘seen’
看见隐患，但却因为‘疏忽冒失’而没有采取行动How is the research carried out? 研究是如何进行的？
Simulation tests are usually carried out using a driving simulator, or real cars in a test environment. Drivers are given a range of verbal and visual tasks to see how a phone conversation affects:
通常使用驾驶模拟器进行模拟测试，或在测试环境内用真车测试。驾驶员将接受多种口述的和视觉的任务来研究电话交谈产生的影响：
Position on the road and following distance
在车道的位置和车距
Speed and reaction times
车速和反应时间
Braking and acceleration patterns
刹车和加速模仿
Attention to the visual scene and traffic awareness.
注意视觉现场和交通意识A country Hospital Study 某一个医院研究
This research is different to simulations, as it is based on actual hospital admissions. Between April 2002 and July 2004, drivers admitted to the three main hospitals in Perth following car accidents were interviewed. The study examined if the driver had used a mobile phone in the 10 minutes leading up to the crash, and was cross-checked with phone records. Results show:
这项研究不同于模拟，它以医院的真实资料为基础。在2002年4月至2004年7月间，在佩思3所主要医院，发生车祸后的司机接受访问。研究调查如果驾驶员用手机通话10分钟是否会引起碰撞，再以电话记录进行确认。结果显示：A fourfold increase in the likelihood of a crash within 10 minutes of using a mobile phone.
在10分钟内用手机连续通话而导致事故的发生率增加4倍。
This risk was the same whether a hands-free device was used.
不论是否使用免提式装置，这个风险是相同的。
The risk was the same regardless of gender and age.
不管性别和年龄，这个风险是相同的。
This study is particularly valuable as it confirms with real-world data, the conclusions previously seen in simulated experiments.
这项研究特别有价值，因为它依据真实数据，结论可见于先前的模拟实验。What about ‘hands-free’? ‘免提式’手机通话怎样？
Typically, these studies find no significant difference between the distractions of hand-held vs. hands-free phone use.
典型来说，这些研究发现手提式手机和免提式手机没有重大区别。
It is suspected that it is concentration on the conversation that causes the distraction, rather than actually holding the phone.
研究提出猜想，由于专注于交谈而引起的分心
比实 际拿着电话更严重。
This is supported by an American study that showed concentrating on an audio task reduces attention from visual tasks.
根据美国的一项研究显示，专注于一项听觉上的任务会减少对视觉上任务的注意。How is talking on the phone different to talking to a passenger?
讲电话和与乘客交谈有何不同？Talking to passengers can be distracting, however several groups have confirmed experimentally that using a phone is a greater distraction. They believe this is the case because:
与乘客交谈会分散注意力，许多组实验证明：使用手机更加会分心的事。这是因为：
Passengers are in the same environment. They can pace the conversation with conditions and stop the conversation if the driver needs to concentrate (such as during lane changes).乘客是在相同的环境中。如果司机需要集中注意力，他们可以根据情况停止交谈（如：在换车道的时候）。
Drivers are more likely to continue phone conversations at times requiring additional concentration (such as at intersections).
司机在需要格外集中注意力的时候常常可能继续手机通话。
Passengers can also alert the driver to hazards they may not have seen.
乘客也可以提醒司机可能还没有看到的危险。
A recent Japanese study showed that signal disruptions occur frequently in a moving car, drawing additional concentration to the call and distracting attention from driving.最近一项在日本的研究显示：在行驶中的车辆内的经常会发生信号中断，司机会将注意力更集中于电话，而转移对驾驶的注意。
What about other distractions? 其他分心的事物呢？
There are many other distractions we can experience while driving: eating, the radio, children and events external to the car. Some of these we can control, others we can’t.
我们在驾驶车辆时还经历过其他分心的事物：吃东西，收音机，孩子和汽车的外部事件。其中一些我们可以控制，一些不能控制。
What we can do is try to reduce the distractions we do have control over, such as mobile phone use.
我们能做的是减少可控制的分心事物，比如使用手机。
Like intoxication? 类似于沉醉？
Several studies have compared mobile phone use to mild intoxication and normal driving.
许多研究将在轻微沉醉状态和正常驾驶状态下使用手机作比较。
This offers further insight as it relates the level of distraction to a ‘known hazard’ of driving while drunk. Trials have used a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 (the legal limit in UK), which is well over the Australian limit.
这要求更多洞察力，因为这关系到在酒后驾驶时对‘未知危险’分心的程度。实验者血液中酒精浓度为0.08（英国的法定限度），完全超过了澳大利亚法定限度。
While drinking caused greater variance in lane position, using a phone caused slower reaction times compared to driving with or without alcohol. Phone conversations resulted in slower braking and slower reactions to changes ahead.当酒后驾驶引起在车道上更大变化的时候，与是否喝酒的司机比较，使用手机的司机会使反应速度较慢。电话交谈会导致刹车慢和减慢向前变向的反应。
These findings should not downplay the significance of drunk driving. What these tests do confirm, is that mobile phone use does cause some reduction in driving ability.
对这些发现的重视度不应亚于对酒后驾驶的重视度。这些实验证明，在驾驶过程中使用手机降低了司机的驾驶能力。
Tips for mobile phone safety:
安全使用手机的提示：
Never use hand-held while driving驾驶时不要使用手提式电话
Minimise use of hands-free. Eliminate if possible
尽量减少使用免提式手机。如果可能，最好不要使用
Plan the trip to make calls when taking a break from driving
在中途休息时，有计划性地打电话
Don’t use in heavy traffic, bad weather, winding roads, or unfamiliar roads and cities
不要在交通拥挤、天气恶劣、道路弯曲时或在不熟悉的道路和城市内使用手机
Don’t engage in complex or emotional conversations
不要进行复杂或情绪化的谈话
Use voicemail as an alternative to taking calls
用电话信箱接听电话
If you stop to use the phone, pull over safely and in a safe place
如果停下车打电话，那么要安全地停在一个安全的地方
Never take notes, look up numbers, email or send & receive text messages
绝不要作笔记、找号码、发邮件、收发短信
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